Previously messages logged from Dart code (e.g. via the print function)
were handled directly in the engine by platform-specific code. This
factors out a LogMessage(tag, message) callback that embedders can
implement with platform-specific code.
This also eliminates a dependency on platform-specific code in the core,
and provides more flexibility to embedders than the current fallback to
stdout, which can be a problem on platforms without a traditional stdout
or with restrictions on stdout.
Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/79685