This change enables Flutter to generate multiple Scenes to be rendered into separate FlutterViews from a single widget tree. Each Scene is described by a separate render tree, which are all associated with the single widget tree.
This PR implements the framework-side mechanisms to describe the content to be rendered into multiple views. Separate engine-side changes are necessary to provide these views to the framework and to draw the framework-generated Scene into them.
## Summary of changes
The details of this change are described in [flutter.dev/go/multiple-views](https://flutter.dev/go/multiple-views). Below is a high-level summary organized by layers.
### Rendering layer changes
* The `RendererBinding` no longer owns a single `renderView`. In fact, it doesn't OWN any `RenderView`s at all anymore. Instead, it offers an API (`addRenderView`/`removeRenderView`) to add and remove `RenderView`s that then will be MANAGED by the binding. The `RenderView` itself is now owned by a higher-level abstraction (e.g. the `RawView` Element of the widgets layer, see below), who is also in charge of adding it to the binding. When added, the binding will interact with the `RenderView` to produce a frame (e.g. by calling `compositeFrame` on it) and to perform hit tests for incoming pointer events. Multiple `RenderView`s can be added to the binding (typically one per `FlutterView`) to produce multiple Scenes.
* Instead of owning a single `pipelineOwner`, the `RendererBinding` now owns the root of the `PipelineOwner` tree (exposed as `rootPipelineOwner` on the binding). Each `PipelineOwner` in that tree (except for the root) typically manages its own render tree typically rooted in one of the `RenderView`s mentioned in the previous bullet. During frame production, the binding will instruct each `PipelineOwner` of that tree to flush layout, paint, semantics etc. A higher-level abstraction (e.g. the widgets layer, see below) is in charge of adding `PipelineOwner`s to this tree.
* Backwards compatibility: The old `renderView` and `pipelineOwner` properties of the `RendererBinding` are retained, but marked as deprecated. Care has been taken to keep their original behavior for the deprecation period, i.e. if you just call `runApp`, the render tree bootstrapped by this call is rooted in the deprecated `RendererBinding.renderView` and managed by the deprecated `RendererBinding.pipelineOwner`.
### Widgets layer changes
* The `WidgetsBinding` no longer attaches the widget tree to an existing render tree. Instead, it bootstraps a stand-alone widget tree that is not backed by a render tree. For this, `RenderObjectToWidgetAdapter` has been replaced by `RootWidget`.
* Multiple render trees can be bootstrapped and attached to the widget tree with the help of the `View` widget, which internally is backed by a `RawView` widget. Configured with a `FlutterView` to render into, the `RawView` creates a new `PipelineOwner` and a new `RenderView` for the new render tree. It adds the new `RenderView` to the `RendererBinding` and its `PipelineOwner` to the pipeline owner tree.
* The `View` widget can only appear in certain well-defined locations in the widget tree since it bootstraps a new render tree and does not insert a `RenderObject` into an ancestor. However, almost all Elements expect that their children insert `RenderObject`s, otherwise they will not function properly. To produce a good error message when the `View` widget is used in an illegal location, the `debugMustInsertRenderObjectIntoSlot` method has been added to Element, where a child can ask whether a given slot must insert a RenderObject into its ancestor or not. In practice, the `View` widget can be used as a child of the `RootWidget`, inside the `view` slot of the `ViewAnchor` (see below) and inside a `ViewCollection` (see below). In those locations, the `View` widget may be wrapped in other non-RenderObjectWidgets (e.g. InheritedWidgets).
* The new `ViewAnchor` can be used to create a side-view inside a parent `View`. The `child` of the `ViewAnchor` widget renders into the parent `View` as usual, but the `view` slot can take on another `View` widget, which has access to all inherited widgets above the `ViewAnchor`. Metaphorically speaking, the view is anchored to the location of the `ViewAnchor` in the widget tree.
* The new `ViewCollection` widget allows for multiple sibling views as it takes a list of `View`s as children. It can be used in all the places that accept a `View` widget.
## Google3
As of July 5, 2023 this change passed a TAP global presubmit (TGP) in google3: tap/OCL:544707016:BASE:545809771:1688597935864:e43dd651
## Note to reviewers
This change is big (sorry). I suggest focusing the initial review on the changes inside of `packages/flutter` first. The majority of the changes describe above are implemented in (listed in suggested review order):
* `rendering/binding.dart`
* `widgets/binding.dart`
* `widgets/view.dart`
* `widgets/framework.dart`
All other changes included in the PR are basically the fallout of what's implemented in those files. Also note that a lot of the lines added in this PR are documentation and tests.
I am also very happy to walk reviewers through the code in person or via video call, if that is helpful.
I appreciate any feedback.
## Feedback to address before submitting ("TODO")
* Add clipBehavior to RenderFlex
* Add clipBehavior to FittedBox
* Add clipBehavior to Flex and FittedBox
* Add clipBehavior to UnconstrainedBox
* Add clipBehavior to Stack and Wrap
* Add clipBehavior to TextEditable
* Add clipBehavior to ListWheelScrollView
* Add clipBehavior to SingleChildScrollView
* Add clipBehavior to RenderViewportBase's widgets
Those widgets are NestedScrollView and ShrinkWrappingViewport.
* Fix tests
* Remove enum Overflow and fix typo
* Remove clipToSize
* Analyze fix
* Remove Mixin and other small fixes
* Fix tests and respect Stack's default clipBehavior
* Add Overflow back to make it non-breaking
* Restore clipBehavior to make it non-breaking
* Small fixes
* Fix rebase
* Update project.pbxproj files to say Flutter rather than Chromium
Also, the templates now have an empty organization so that we don't cause people to give their apps a Flutter copyright.
* Update the copyright notice checker to require a standard notice on all files
* Update copyrights on Dart files. (This was a mechanical commit.)
* Fix weird license headers on Dart files that deviate from our conventions; relicense Shrine.
Some were already marked "The Flutter Authors", not clear why. Their
dates have been normalized. Some were missing the blank line after the
license. Some were randomly different in trivial ways for no apparent
reason (e.g. missing the trailing period).
* Clean up the copyrights in non-Dart files. (Manual edits.)
Also, make sure templates don't have copyrights.
* Fix some more ORGANIZATIONNAMEs
Teach Layer and its implementations, RenderObject and its implementations, and PaintingContext to reuse engine layers. The idea is that a concrete RenderObject creates a Layer and holds on to it as long as it needs it (i.e. when it is composited, and the layer type does not change). In return, each Layer object holds on to an EngineLayer and reports it to the engine via addRetained and oldLayer. This allows the Web engine to reuse DOM elements across frames. Without it, each frame drops all previously rendered HTML and regenerates it from scratch.
* add trailing commas on list/map/parameters
* add trailing commas on Invocation with nb of arg>1
* add commas for widget containing widgets
* add trailing commas if instantiation contains trailing comma
* revert bad change
This allows the scheduler library to depend on the services library
and the painting library to depend on the scheduler library without
the services library having to depend on the scheduler library.
While I was at it I also cleaned up some of the binding logic: the
licenses logic can now be overridden (and the test library does so),
and the image cache can now be overridden as well.
Unlike FractionalOffset, Alignment uses the center as the zero of the
coordinate system, which makes the RTL math work out much cleaner.
Also, make FractionalOffset into a subclass of Alignment so that clients
can continue to use FractionalOffset.
This splits the frame pipeline into two, beginFrame and drawFrame.
As part of making this change I added some debugging hooks that helped
debug the issues that came up:
* I added debugPrintScheduleFrameStacks which prints a stack whenever
a frame is actually scheduled, so you can see why frames are being
scheduled.
* I added some toString output to EditableText and RawKeyboardListener.
* I added a scheduler_tester.dart library for scheduler library tests.
* I changed the test framework to flush microtasks before pumping.
* Some asserts that had the old string literal form were replaced by
asserts with messages.
I also fixed a few subtle bugs that this uncovered:
* setState() now calls `ensureVisualUpdate`, rather than
`scheduleFrame`. This means that calling it from an
AnimationController callback does not actually schedule an extra
redundant frame as it used to.
* I corrected some documentation.
* Manually fix every use of Point.x and Point.y
Some of these were moved to dx/dy, but not all.
* Manually convert uses of the old gradient API
* Remove old reference to Point.
* Mechanical changes
I applied the following at the root of the Flutter repository:
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bPoint[.]origin\b/Offset.zero/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bPoint[.]lerp\b/Offset.lerp/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bnew Point\b/new Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bconst Point\b/const Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bstatic Point /static Offset /g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bfinal Point /final Offset /g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/^\( *\)Point /\1Offset /g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/ui[.]Point\b/ui.Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/(Point\b/(Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\([[{,]\) Point\b/\1 Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/@required Point\b/@required Offset/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/<Point>/<Offset>/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/[.]toOffset()//g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/[.]toPoint()//g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bshow Point, /show /g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\bshow Point;/show Offset;/g'
* Mechanical changes - dartdocs
I applied the following at the root of the Flutter repository:
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\ba \[Point\]/an [Offset]/g'
git ls-files -z | xargs -0 sed -i 's/\[Point\]/[Offset]/g'
* Further improvements and a test
* Fix minor errors from rebasing...
* Roll engine
More idiomatic use of constraints in performResize.
Trivial fixes to comments.
Make ProxyBox not use BoxParentData since it ignores the field.
Make applyPaintTransform more helpful if you use a different ParentData
subclass than RenderBox expects.
Make debugAssertIsValid actually fulfill its contract in RenderObject as
documented.
Add a childBefore for symmetry (we already had childAfter).
Fix the way we dump the child list when there's no children in a
multichild render object.
More asserts in the rendering test library.
* globalToLocal was just broken when there was a rotation and a
translation at the same time. This fixes that and adds a test.
* update graphic used by spinning_mixed since the old one went 404.
* simplify some of the code in the demo.
* fix MatrixUtils.transformPoint to be consistent with how we transform
points elsewhere.
* stop transforming points elsewhere, just use
MatrixUtils.transformPoint.
* make the Widget binding handle not having a root element.
* make the spinning_mixed demo update its widget tree.
